Social Security and Elderly Poverty. Elderly poverty in the U. S. Between 1. 96. While poverty was once far more prevalent among the elderly than among other age groups, today's elderly have a poverty rate similar to that of working- age adults and much lower than that of children. Enacted in 1. 93. Social Security system experienced rapid benefit growth in the post- WWII era. In fact, there is a striking association between the rise in Social Security expenditures per capita and the decline in elderly poverty, as Figure 1 illustrates (with both series scaled to fit on the same figure). First, when poverty is measured relative to median non- elderly income rather than relative to the official poverty line, the decline in elderly poverty ended in the early 1. Income inequality has increased markedly since then among the elderly and non- elderly alike. Second, poverty rates are strongly cyclical - rising during recessions and falling during economic expansions - for the non- elderly but not for the elderly, highlighting the protective effect of Social Security. Third, decreases in elderly poverty over time have been similar across age groups but larger for married couples than for other groups. For example, individuals may work and save more when benefits are less generous, so a simple calculation of the increase in poverty that would result from eliminating Social Security income would likely overstate the true effect by ignoring these behavioral responses. They examine the relationship between this measure and poverty rates for people born between 1. For some of the analysis, the authors focus on a narrower range of birth cohorts, making use of the sharp drop in benefits experienced by the . They also find no statistically significant effect of benefits on income inequality, suggesting that higher- income and lower- income elderly benefit similarly from increases in Social Security. The authors also find that higher benefits lead some elderly to live independently rather than with family members, and conclude that the effect of Social Security on poverty would have been even more dramatic in the absence of these changes in living arrangements. See how Social Security is there for you throughout every stage of your life. Securing today and tomorrow. You are exiting the Social Security Administration's website. SSA cannot attest to the accuracy of information provided by such websites.With Social Security, you can discover a new world of information and services at www.socialsecurity.gov. Social Security provides financial benefits, services, and information to help support you throughout life’s journey. Social Security Country Profiles provide comprehensive information on social security systems around the world. Payments of benefits abroad. Payment of benefits abroad The benefits available from Kela can be divided into two groups based on whether they are payable to persons living abroad on a temporary or permanent basis. Medical Documentation for Social Security Disability Applications Other Disability Benefits Paying for Prescription Drugs. Welcome to Disability.gov, the U.S. Social work - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Social Worker. Description. Competencies. Bachelor's degree for generalist practice. Graduate/postgraduate degree or diploma for advanced specialization practice. Related jobs. Social worker (generalist)Addictions social worker. Anti- discrimination/oppression advocate. Care manager. Case manager. Child and youth care social worker (CYW)Clinical social worker. Community/rural development worker & officer. Correctional social worker. Forensic/court social worker. Counselor and Therapist. Family welfare worker. Gerontological social worker. Health care manager. Health service manager. Human resource & labour relations manager. Human rights advocate. Industrial social worker. International welfare worker. Legislative aide. Medical/hospital social worker. Military social work officer. People with disabilities advocate. Police social worker. Poverty reduction worker & officer. Psychiatric/mental health social worker. Refugee worker. School social worker. Social justice aide. Social media ethics advocate. Social policy and planning officer. Social service manager. Welfare officer. Women's rights advocate. Social work is an academic and professional discipline that seeks to facilitate the welfare of communities, individuals, families, and groups. Underpinned by theories of social sciences and guided by principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility, and respect for diversities, social work engages people and structures to address life challenges and enhance well- being. Examples of fields a social worker may be employed in are poverty relief, life skills, community development, forensics, industrial relations, child protection, elder protection, women's rights, human rights, addictions rehabilitation, disaster management, mental health, and disabilities. History. The first was individual casework, a strategy pioneered by the Charity Organisation Society in the mid- 1. The second was social administration, which included various forms of poverty relief- 'relief of paupers'. Statewide poverty relief could be said to have its roots in the English Poor Laws of the 1. Charity Organisation Society. The third consisted of social action . This approach was developed originally by the settlement house movement. All had their most rapid growth during the nineteenth century, and laid the foundational basis for modern social work, both in theory and in practice. Because poverty was the main focus of early social work, it was intricately linked with the idea of charity work. There was also a great migration to urban areas throughout the Western world, which led to many social problems. This galvanised the socially active, prosperous middle and upper classes to search for ways to ameliorate the physical and spiritual conditions of the poor underclasses. It supported the concept of self- help and limited government intervention to deal with the effects of poverty. The organisation claimed to use . She believed in self- reliance, and made it a key part of her housing system that she and her assistants knew their tenants personally and encouraged them to better themselves. She was opposed to municipal provision of housing, believing it to be bureaucratic and impersonal. Under her guidance, the Charity Organisation Society organised charitable grants and pioneered a home- visiting service that formed the basis for modern social work. Social action. Her colleagues Samuel and Henrietta Barnett, founded Toynbee Hall, Oxford House. Another early organization was Mansfield House Settlement, also in east London. In America, the settlement movement was established by Jane Addams, a young medical student, and Ellen Gates Starr after Addams visited Toynbee Hall and was impressed by the system. She founded Chicago's Hull House in 1. European immigrant women and children. This soon inspired a worldwide movement of university settlements. The idea was to help members of the future elite understand the problems of wider society; this was especially important at a time when class divisions were much stronger, social mobility was minimal, and the living conditions of the poor were completely unknown to many members of the upper class. Foundations were established to examine the root causes of social problems such as poverty, and social workers became more professional and scientific in their methodology. The Quaker philanthropist and chocolate manufacturer Joseph Rowntree believed that social evils could be tackled by systematic research, and to that end founded the Joseph Rowntree Foundation in 1. His Memorandum of 1. In the early 2. 0th century, Mary Richmond of the Charity Organization Society (COS) and Jane Addams of the Settlement House Movement engaged in a public dispute over the optimal approach; whether the problem should be tackled with COS' traditional, scientific method that focused on efficiency and prevention, or whether the Settlement House Movement's immersion into the problem, blurring the lines of practitioner and client, was superior. The principles of classical liberalism were being increasingly challenged by downturns in economic growth, a growing perception of the evils of poverty, unemployment and relative deprivation present within modern industrial cities, and the agitation of organized labour. In the early 1. 90. British Liberals under H. H. Asquith introduced various reforms, including health insurance, unemployment insurance, and pensions for elderly workers, thereby laying the groundwork for the future British welfare state. William Beveridge, often called the 'architect of the welfare state', was pivotal in framing the debate about social work in the context of state welfare provision. His 1. 94. 2 report on Social Insurance and Allied Services. This has led, for example, to the recognition of poverty as having a social and economic basis rooted in social policies rather than representing a personal moral defect. It is not a 'single model', such as that of health, followed by medical professional such as nurses and doctors, but like nurses and doctors, social work requires study and continued professional development to retain knowledge and skills in practice. Field work is a distinctive attribution to social work pedagogy. This equips the trainee in understanding the theories and models within the field of work. Professional practitioners from multicultural aspects have their roots in this social work immersion engagements from the early 1. As an example, here are some of the models and theories used within social work practice: Contemporary professional development. Principles of social justice, human rights, collective responsibility and respect for diversities are central to social work. Underpinned by theories of social work, social sciences, humanities and indigenous knowledge, social work engages people and structures to address life challenges and enhance wellbeing. Some countries offer postgraduate degrees in social work, such as a master's degree (MSW, MSS, MSSA, MA, MSc, MRes, MPhil.) or doctoral studies (Ph. D and DSW (Doctor of Social Work)). Increasingly, graduates of social work programs pursue post- masters and post- doctoral study, including training in psychotherapy. In the United States, social work undergraduate and master's programs are accredited by the Council on Social Work Education. A CSWE- accredited degree is required for one to become a state- licensed social worker. A number of countries and jurisdictions require registration or licensure of people working as social workers, and there are mandated qualifications. The success of these professional bodies' efforts is demonstrated in that these same requirements are recognized by employers as necessary for employment. These associations may be international, continental, semi- continental, national, or regional. The main international associations are the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSW) and the International Association of Schools of Social Work (IASSW). The largest professional social work association in the United States is the National Association of Social Workers. There also exist organizations that represent clinical social workers such as The American Association of Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work. AAPCSW is a national organization representing social workers who practice psychoanalytic social work and psychonalysis. There are also a number of states with Clinical Social Work Societies which represent all social workers who conduct psychotherapy from a variety of theoretical frameworks with families, groups and individuals. The Association for Community Organization and Social Administration (ACOSA). Smaller numbers are members of the Unite the union and the GMB (trade union). The British Union of Social Work Employees (BUSWE) has been a section of the Community (trade union) since 2. While at that stage not a union, the British Association of Social Workers operated a professional advice and representation service from the early 1. Social Work qualified staff who are also experienced in employment law and industrial relations provide the kind of representation you would expect from a trade union in the event of grievance, discipline or conduct matters specifically in respect of professional conduct or practice. However this service depended on the good will of employers to allow the representatives to be present at these meetings, as only trade unions have the legal right and entitlement of representation in the workplace. By 2. 01. 1 several councils had realized that they did not have to permit BASW access, and those that were challenged by skilled professional representation of their staff were withdrawing permission. For this reason BASW once again took up trade union status by forming its arms length trade union section, SWU ( Social Workers Union). This gives legal right to represent its members whether the employer or Trade Union Congress ( TUC) recognizes SWU or not.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. Archives
December 2016
Categories |